PRESENT (ACTIVE) AND PAST (PASSIVE) PARTICIPLE
·
The Present (or active) participle
A.
Form
The
Infinitive + ing, e.g. working, loving, sitting
B.
Use
1.
To form the
continuous tenses
Example:
1.
He is working.
2.
You’ve been
dreaming.
3.
She is singing.
4.
My brother was swimming.
5.
He is running.
2.
As Adjective
Example:
1.
The movie was
boring.
2.
The work was
tiring.
3.
The picture was
horrifying.
4.
The scene was
amazing.
5.
That people was
blinding
3.
Have + object +
present participle
Example:
1.
I have you
driving in three days.
2.
He had them all
dancing.
3.
He have singing
with nice.
4.
I have swimming
in two days.
5.
She had running
every day.
4.
Present
participle can sometimes replace a relative pronoun + verb.
Example:
1.
A law forbidding
the import.
2.
A notice warning
people.
3.
An advertisement
urging.
4.
People wishing to
go on the tour.
5.
Fans hoping for a
glimpse of the star.
5.
Present
participles/participle phrases such as adding/pointing out/reminding/warning
can introduce statements in indirect speech.
Example:
1.
She begged him
not to drink too much, reminding him that he’d have to drive home.
2.
She suggested
shopping on Friday, pointing out that the supermarket would be very crowded on
Saturday.
6.
Present
participle after verbs of sensation.
Example:
1.
I see him passing
my house every day.
2.
I felt the car skidding.
3.
She smelt
something burning and saw smoke rising.
4.
She saw him leave
the house.
5.
I watched them
rehearsing the play.
7.
Catch, find,
leave + object + present participle
Example:
1.
I caught him
stealing my apples.
2.
I found him
standing at the door.
3.
I left him
talking to her.
4.
He found a tree
lying across the road.
8.
Go, come, spend,
waste, be busy
Example:
1.
I’m going
shopping this afternoon.
2.
They are going
riding.
3.
He spends two
hours (a day) travelling.
4.
He wasted a whole
afternoon trying to repair the car.
5.
He spent a lot of
money modernizing the house.
9.
A present
participle phrase replacing a main clause.
Example:
1.
He holds the rope
with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water.
2.
Opening the
drawer he took out a revolver.
10.
A present
participle phrase replacing a subordinate clause.
Example:
1.
Knowing that he
wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey he took large supplies with him.
2.
Fearing that the
police would recognize him he never went out in daylight.
·
The past (or passive) participle
A.
Form
The past participle of regular verbs is
formed by adding ed or d to the infinitive, e.g the past participle of
irregular verbs follow the rules we have previously discussed.
B.
Use
1.
As an adjective
Example:
1.
Stolen money
2.
Broken glass
3.
A written report
4.
Tired drivers
5.
Blocked roads
2.
To form the
perfect tense/infinitives and participles and the passive voice:
Example:
1.
He has seen
2.
To have loved
3.
It was broken
3.
The past
participle can replace a subject + passive verb just as the present participle
can replace subject + active verb:
Example:
1.
She enters,
accompanied by her mother.
2.
Aroused by the
crash, he leapt his feet.
3.
Weakened by
successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe or having been weakened.
4.
Convinced that
they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything.
